Separate From Great Britian essays

Separate From Great Britian essays Every kingdom divided against itself will be ruined, and every city or household divided against itself will not stand, Jesus observed in the Bible (Matthew 12:25). What does this mean to us, a brand new country working hard to succeed, despite oppression from the British? It tells us that if we stay with Great Britain, and continue to fight amongst ourselves, the flourishing kingdom we came here to build shall not triumph, but shall fall to their mercy. For years they have been profiting on our hard work, by cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world, taking advantage of us at every opportunity possible. The British have violated our natural rights by neglecting our feelings and forcing us to pay ridiculous taxes on ordinary items. Those tyrants have even absurdly told us that we must quarter their soldiers, whom we would rather have just go back to their own country. Tolerating such disrespect and neglect will only allow them to force more absurd rules and regulations upon us! The only way to escape from their clutch now is to stand tall with liberty and do anything we can to win back the blessed country that is rightfully ours. The British have found that they can greatly increase their wealth by disallowing us to import and export with countries other than them. This has given the British an immense advantage on us because they are able to pay whatever prices they see fit, since we cannot sell our goods to anyone else. On the other hand, with our imports, they can force us to pay very high prices for anything we need that is not available here, because we cant buy it from anyone else. Certain people who have been on the Kings side all through these rough times, have said that the British people are simply being kind by managing our goods and that without them graciously delivering necessary items, we would not survi ...

Short Writing and Discussion Topics for ESL

Short Writing and Discussion Topics for ESL The idea of this exercise is to get students to quickly write about a topic they choose (or you assign). These short presentations are then used in two manners; to generate spontaneous conversations on a wide range of topics, and to take a look at some common writing problems. Aim: Working on common writing mistakes - generating conversation Activity: Short intensive writing exercise followed by a discussion Level: Intermediate to upper-intermediate Outline Variation 1: Tell students that they will have exactly five minutes (reduce or extend the writing time as you feel is appropriate) to write about a subject on the list that you are going to give them.Variation 2: Cut the list of topics into strips and hand a different topic to each student. Tell students that they will have exactly five minutes (reduce or extend the writing time as you feel is appropriate) to write about the topic you have given them.Explain that students shouldnt worry about their writing style, but, rather, they should focus on quickly writing down their feelings about the topic they have chosen (or you have assigned).Have each student read what he or she has written to the class. Ask the other students to write down two questions based on what they hear.Have the other students ask questions about what they have heard.During the course of this exercise, take notes on common mistakes that occur in student writings.At the close of this exercise, discuss the common mi stakes you have taken not of with the students. In this manner, no student feels singled out and all students benefit from learning about typical writing mistakes. Writing Storms The best thing to happen to me today The worst thing to happen to me today Something funny that happened to me this week What I really hate! What I really like! My favorite thing A surprise I had A landscape A building A monument A museum A memory from childhood My best friend My boss What is friendship? A problem I have My favorite TV show My son My daughter My favorite grandparent

The Beginning, Middle and End of Spider-Man Term Paper

The Beginning, Middle and End of Spider-Man - Term Paper Example The event that marked the middle of the story of Spider-Man is the part where he considered himself capable of fighting crimes which had been triggered by the accidental death of his Uncle Ben. At that instant he suddenly matured and he realized his need to embody the capabilities given to him through his alter ego – Spider-Man. Lastly, the end of Spider-Man did not happen when super villains developed because it is a continuing story, which included Green Goblin and Doctor Octopus. Even Harry had been shown in the light of being potential villain. The end of Spider-Man happened when he accepted the fact that he can never be with M.J., and he quoted â€Å"with great power comes great responsibility.† The events happened the way they did to express the development of both Spider-Man and Peter Parker’s characters. Spider-Man is the more matured and decisive character while Peter Parker is the indecisive, less matured part of the protagonist. Through the story thoug h, both characters developed to the point of being matured enough to give up his own happiness for the sake of helping people. II. Peter Parker’s Goals As a teenager, the only goal Peter Parker has is to blend in and ultimately express his feelings to M.J. He had numerous obstacles along the way, both internal and external. External obstacles include his nerdy character and being bullied in school. Another is the situation at M.J.’s home which were family related that caused her aloof and sad characteristics. After acquiring his powers, internal hindrances though became more powerful. Being Spider-Man, although he became more confident, his responsibilities in the use of his powers prevented him from achieving his goals. III. Peter Parker’s Goals and Personality There are different events in Peter Parker’s life that defined his goals and personality. One of them was shown in the dialogue with Uncle Ben during the night before he died. Peter said: â€Å"I wish there was some way I could help you and Aunt May the way you helped me. Maybe get a job, pay some of the bills while you're laid off. Aunt May's medicine isn't exactly free, I mean, how are we..† This showed hid goal of helping his loved ones. These lines expressed his care and sensitivity to the situations of other people. Another event showed his respect for people specifically his friend Harry. When he saved M.J. she wanted to thank him and â€Å"she stretches up, on her tiptoes, and leans in close to him. She kisses him, open-mouthed, brushing her lips along the outside of his mask. He nearly swoons, leans in for more†¦Ã¢â‚¬  but â€Å"then pulls back. This is his best friend's girl!† Regardless of the fact that he is deeply in love with the girl, he chose to respect his friendship with Harry. The third evidence is his choice to keep his secret and his feelings from M.J. He knows that â€Å"with great power comes great responsibility.† Due to his love for M.J. he did not tell her his identity because it will endanger her life, although he knows that by telling her that he is Spider-Man, the man she loves, he would finally have the chance to be with her. IV. Role of the Supporting Characters The different supporting characters helped define Peter’s personality. Mary Jane is the ultimate catalyst of Peter Parker’s persona. Through the challenges that he faced in trying to impress, to save, to love and to keep M.J. safe,

Business Determinants of Bank Profitability Dissertation

Business Determinants of Bank Profitability - Dissertation Example From this report it is clear that that the determinants of banking profitability are into categories which are internal and external. Internal determinants include the management of expenses, liquidity and capital reserves while external ones are size of the firm, economic environment and ownership basis. Proper management of expenses was identified as the most important factor enhancing high profitability in banks. Conversely, high interest rates occasioned by ownership strategies were identified as the main factor to low profitability. The research is valid since misappropriation in handling expenses will definitely lead to more expenditure and less profits in any sector. Similarly, imposing customers to high interest rates on loans is also a factor that makes customers lose faith with the bank.This research highlights that  Molyneux and Thornton elucidated on these variables as well as revealing that liquidity affects profitability negatively. This research explains that industr y-specific variables are the factors that affect a bank within the banking industry such competition arising from homogeneity of goods and services. Whereas macro-economic variables simply entail the environment of the economy that banks operate. In terms of liquidity, a bank can be affected if it does not have proper appropriation of funds and hence using it in unproductive ventures such as imposing exorbitant loan interest rates, hence creating losses to the bank.

Outsourcing Information Technology and Security Essay Example for Free

Outsourcing Information Technology and Security Essay This can be defined as the employment done to another company by an organization for the service provision in information technology or security services rather than the use of the corporate workers in the performance of such a duty. With the growing intensity of commercial activities the concepts of strategic management has been of importance in formulating various structures and economies in the business activity. Managers have consistently understood the role played by external outsourcing. Such is done is the recognition of the economies of scale and economies in the cost factor which the organization would have been affected. The Elite Supercars can be voted in as one of the global organizations where outsourcing has never been compromised. However a deep concern into the principles of economies of cost factor have been put into consideration. Firstly, an importance is attached to the scale of adequacy in terms of levels of ability for the service provider. Since the provision of both the information technology and security services call for technical pursuits from the providers, the choice of service providers has been in recognition of their technical abilities and competencies. Either, the outsourcing activity has still been in evaluation of the cost parameters. Through this activity, the company was to get a relatively lower scale in its costs. However, a scrutiny and evaluation was done by the management in accordance with the cost factors in choosing various clients against their quality of services. The choice of the clients by the company was indeed a compliment of lower costing service sales above high quality service inputs. Above all other factors, the evaluation of the environmental factors in the activity was a factor. However the two choices were complimentarily environmental friendly within the organizational setup With Elite Supercars, outsourcing information technology and security has been important complements in its activities. This is a car manufacturing company with its roots at Singapore. However to it, outsourcing of the above two corporate factors draws a question of high concern. Firstly, with its increased manufacturing activity, the company had to outsource development of various software useful in the organization’s processes. In the 1st November 2006, the company’s CEO released a press release, where it had contracted the Northern Ferrari Hire for developing an outsourcing program through the web marketing. This was to involve various software on strategic marketing modalities. Perhaps, the impressive sales turn over embraced by the company can be credited to this fact. Through the program, the company is able to adequately provide an attractive package of marketing services to its customers. Through this method, customers have closer relationship with the company where it can adequately communicate with them through the Internet. Suchan, Charles, 2006) Some various examples show the implementation success of this activity. This activity by the organization’s implementation of the program has even driven it to its extended boundaries of its activities. The program was provisional and to a strategy in various accounting components. Firstly, it was a way of optimal costing. As an important tool in an organization, optimal costing implies efficiency in the activity performance. Optimal costing is also seen as the economical method in use of organizational resources. To the Elite Supercars, outsourcing of information technology is a complement of various efficiency-costing benefits. The information outsourcing therefore shows a big success in the company’s costing system where it has obtained various efficiencies related to the program. Through use of an external supply, the organization had various benefits ascribed to it in terms of the costs. Like an external contract, the activity itself was less costing than the use of its own staff. Either, this activity by its own required a high scale of technological know how about it. In regard to its inexperienced employees, outsourcing is still fundamental in the implementation success of the program. Elite Supercars was not strong and able enough to provide the set of competent staff allied to this facility. Either well, to the organization, the provision of a set of technical staff on information technology was not economical enough in relation to the cost factor of the broad organizational activity. However to the company, perhaps the greatest benefit from the project was the consequent development and growth of its sales turn over. Since the enactment of program, the company has continued to experience high sales volume. Above this, there have been various efficiencies in terms of the marketing factor. There has been a continued reduction in the cost of marketing through the various effecienciess and economies of scale borne out of the process. (Cantwell, Alfonso, Granstrand, 2004) Outsourcing, by the Elite Supercars on security has been fundamentally one its management activities. From the past experience in insecurity and theft of its cars at their manufacturing site, the company had to seek refuge of finding a storage facility for its cars. To the company, it chose to use the facility of storage that had been constructed by Dutch Authorities. With the same storage facility, the organization experiences lower cases of theft (if any) to its highly priced cars. Formerly, the increasing state of loss of cars had become a problem which threatened the company in being out of the industry. It had continued to get higher levels of losses through the theft of its cars. At one level therefore, the facility offered cost saving attributes through reduced scales of care theft. (Domberger, 1998) The move to use the storage facility provided by the Dutch Authorities was perhaps one of it strategic management goals. Construction of its own facility was a factor seen as increasing the level of its cost factor consequently. The construction of its own shortage facility was to involve a high level of cost factor compared to the level of its operational capacity. This is an attribute of success in the implementation of the program. Since prevention of car from theft was still a factor of consideration, the opportunity cost of not constructing its own facility was basically to be through the use of another facility. Otherwise, the loss that could accrue from the loss of the cars through theft was far beyond the cost outlay got from the payment to the external shortage. Therefore, the security outsourcing program was itself a factor of high attribute in the success of the company’s activities. To the current period, security problem is no longer an issue and the company continues to embrace the broad economies allied to these out sources. Broadly therefore, outsourcing activity by the company shows a strategic management tool towards the organization activity. The company embraces the long run benefits of these two programs.

Civilization vs. Savagery in Lord of the Flies Essay -- Literary Analy

The Lord of the Flies is a story about a stranded group of boys on a deserted island after their plane crashes. It is about an adventure at the start of a new World War. The boys try to create a society by selecting a leader and doing everything they can to survive. It is all a game without adult supervision until the island becomes a nightmare and their imaginations come to life. Everything becomes more realistic when the twins, Sam and Eric, find the body of the dead parachutist hanging from a tree on the island. Then the boys declare that there is some type of beast on the island and they must kill it to stay alive. Soon the boys turn on each other and kill Simon because he is mistaken for the beast. Jack then, takes over the group of boys and hunts down Piggy and Ralph. Then Roger pushes a boulder off the cliff and kills Piggy. The boys follow Ralph, which is the main character and the boys began to set the jungle on fire in attempt to smoke Ralph out. Ralph then discovers that h e is back on the beach after collapsing from exhaustion. After looking up, he then finds a Naval officer standing over him. The officer saw the raging fire in the jungle from his ship at sea. Overwhelmingly Ralph explains what happened to the officer. He and the boys begin to cry because they realize that they are finally being rescued and are going home. Symbolism is shown throughout the story, by the little things like the conch shell and Piggy’s glasses. The pig’s head is a huge symbol, showing that the boys believe in a power of evil. In this book the main theme is civilization vs. savagery. The boys lose their civilized being and innocence ways as they become savages and kill Simon and Piggy. In The Lord of The Flies, Golding analyzes characters, ... ...Cathy Falk. Vol. 58. Detroit: Gale Research, 1990. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. Slayton, Paul. "Teaching Rationale for William Golding's Lord of the Flies." Censored Books: Critical Viewpoints. Ed. Nicholas J. Karolides, Lee Burress, and John M. Kean. The Scarecrow Press, Inc, 1993. 351-357. Rpt. in Novels for Students. Ed. Diane Telgen. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. SparkNotes. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb 2012. 98. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. Townsend, R. C. "Lord of the Flies': Fool's Gold." The Journal of General Education. Vol. 16. University Park, Pa.: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1964. 153-160. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz and Cathy Falk. Vol. 58. Detroit: Gale Research, 1990. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 Jan. 2012.

Language acquisition Essay

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1. 1Why study language? 1. Language is very essential to human beings. 2. In language there are many things we should know. 3. For further understanding, we need to study language scientifically. 1. 2What is language? Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1. 3Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1. 3. 1Arbitrariness Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1. 3. 2Duality Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 1. 3. 3Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences. 1. 3. 4Displacement Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 1. 4Origin of language 1. The bow-wow theory In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that. 2. The pooh-pooh theory In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language. 3. The â€Å"yo-he-ho† theory As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. 1. 5Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. Halliday (1994) proposes a theory of metafunctions of language. It means that language has three metafunctions: 1. Ideational function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer; 2. Interpersonal function: embodying all use of language to express social and personal relationships; 3. Textual function: referring to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken and written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences. According to Hu Zhuanglin, language has at least seven functions: 1. 5. 1Informative The informative function means language is the instrument of thought and people often use it to communicate new information. 1. 5. 2Interpersonal function The interpersonal function means people can use language to establish and maintain their status in a society. 1. 5. 3Performative The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies. 1. 5. 4Emotive function The emotive function is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. 1. 5. 5Phatic communion The phatic communion means people always use some small, seemingly meaningless expressions such as Good morning, God bless you, Nice day, etc. , to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without any factual content. 1. 5. 6Recreational function The recreational function means people use language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting. 1. 5. 7Metalingual function The metalingual function means people can use language to talk about itself. E. g. I can use the word â€Å"book† to talk about a book, and I can also use the expression â€Å"the word book† to talk about the sign â€Å"b-o-o-k† itself. 1. 6What is linguistics? Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one community, but the language of all human beings. 1. 7Main branches of linguistics 1. 7. 1Phonetics Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. 1. 7. 2Phonology Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. 1. 7. 3Morphology Morphology studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and word-formation processes. 1. 7. 4Syntax Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. 1. 7. 5Semantics Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. 1. 7. 6Pragmatics Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. 1.  8Macrolinguistics Macrolinguistics is the study of language in all aspects, distinct from microlinguistics, which dealt solely with the formal aspect of language system. 1. 8. 1Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example. 1. 8. 2Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics is a term which covers a variety of different interests in language and society, including the language and the social characteristics of its users. 1. 8. 3Anthropological linguistics. Anthropological linguistics studies the relationship between language and culture in a community. 1. 8. 4Computational linguistics Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field which centers around the use of computers to process or produce human language. 1. 9Important distinctions in linguistics 1. 9. 1Descriptive vs. prescriptive To say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness. Prescriptive linguistics aims to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and for all. For example, â€Å"Don’t say X. † is a prescriptive command; â€Å"People don’t say X. † is a descriptive statement. The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. In the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively. However, modern linguistics is mostly descriptive because the nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with description instead of prescription. 1. 9. 2Synchronic vs. diachronic A synchronic study takes a fixed instant (usually at present) as its point of observation. Saussure’s diachronic description is the study of a language through the course of its history. E. g. a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be synchronic, and a study of the changes English has undergone since then would be a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. The reason is that unless the various state of a language are successfully studied it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 1. 9. 3Langue & parole Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as langue and parole. Langue is relative stable and systematic, parole is subject to personal and situational constraints; langue is not spoken by an individual, parole is always a naturally occurring event. What a linguist should do, according to Saussure, is to draw rules from a mass of confused facts, i. e. to discover the regularities governing all instances of parole and make them the subject of linguistics. 1. 9. 4Competence and performance According to Chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence, and the actual use of language in concrete situations is called performance. Competence enables a speaker to produce and understand and indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker’s competence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. So a speaker’s performance does not always match his supposed competence. Chomsky believes that linguists ought to study competence, rather than performance. Chomsky’s competence-performance distinction is not exactly the same as, though similar to, Saussure’s langue-parole distinction. Langue is a social product and a set of conventions of a community, while competence is deemed as a property of mind of each individual. Saussure looks at language more from a sociological or sociolinguistic point of view than Chomsky since the latter deals with his issues psychologically or psycholinguistically. 1. 9. 5Etic vs. emic Being etic means researchers’ making far too many, as well as behaviorally and inconsequential, differentiations, just as often the case with phonetics vs. phonemics analysis in linguistics proper. An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech community rather than via appeal to the investigator’s ingenuity or intuition alone. Following the suffix formations of (phon)etics vs (phon)emics, these terms were introduced into the social sciences by Kenneth Pike (1967) to denote the distinction between the material and functional study of language: phonetics studies the acoustically measurable and articulatorily definable immediate sound utterances, whereas phonemics analyzes the specific selection each language makes from that universal catalogue from a functional aspect. Chapter 2 Speech Sounds 2. 1Speech production and perception Phonetics is the study of speech sounds. It includes three main areas: 1. Articulatory phonetics – the study of the production of speech sounds 2. Acoustic phonetics – the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech 3. Auditory phonetics – the study of perception of speech sounds Most phoneticians are interested in articulatory phonetics. 2. 2Speech organs Speech organs are those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech. The speech organs can be considered as consisting of three parts: the initiator of the air stream, the producer of voice and the resonating cavities. 2. 3Segments, divergences, and phonetic transcription 2. 3. 1Segments and divergences As there are more sounds in English than its letters, each letter must represent more than one sound. 2. 3. 2Phonetic transcription International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): the system of symbols for representing the pronunciation of words in any language according to the principles of the International Phonetic Association. The symbols consists of letters and diacritics. Some letters are taken from the Roman alphabet, some are special symbols. 2. 4Consonants 2. 4. 1Consonants and vowels A consonant is produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. A vowel is produced without obstruction so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. 2. 4. 2Consonants The categories of consonant are established on the basis of several factors. The most important of these factors are: 1. the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract (manner of articulation); 2.where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing, or the obstruction of the air (place of articulation). 2. 4. 3Manners of articulation 1. Stop/plosive: A speech sound which is produced by stopping the air stream from the lungs and then suddenly releasing it. In English, [? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? ] are stops and [? , ? , ? ] are nasal stops. 2. Fricative: A speech sound which is produced by allowing the air stream from the lungs to escape with friction. This is caused by bringing the two articulators, e. g. the upper teeth and the lower lip, close together but not closes enough to stop the airstreams completely. In English, [?, ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? ] are fricatives. 3. (Median) approximant: An articulation in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced. In English this class of sounds includes [? , ? , ? ]. 4. Lateral (approximant): A speech sound which is produced by partially blocking the airstream from the lungs, usually by the tongue, but letting it escape at one or both sides of the blockage. [? ] is the only lateral in English. Other consonantal articulations include trill, tap or flap, and affricate. 2. 4. 4Places of articulation 1.Bilabial: A speech sound which is made with the two lips. 2. Labiodental: A speech sound which is made with the lower lip and the upper front teeth. 3. Dental: A speech sound which is made by the tongue tip or blade and the upper front teeth. 4. Alveolar: A speech sound which is made with the tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge. 5. Postalveolar: A speech sound which is made with the tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge. 6. Retroflex: A speech sound which is made with the tongue tip or blade curled back so that the underside of the tongue tip or blade forms a stricture with the back of the alveolar ridge or the hard palate. 7. Palatal: A speech sound which is made with the front of the tongue and the hard palate. 8. Velar: A speech sound which is made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate. 9. Uvular: A speech sound which is made with the back of the tongue and the uvula, the short projection of the soft tissue and muscle at the posterior end of the velum. 10. Pharyngeal: A speech sound which is made with the root of the tongue and the walls of the pharynx. 11. Glottal: A speech sound which is made with the two pieces of vocal folds pushed towards each other. 2. 4. 5The consonants of English Received Pronunciation (RP): The type of British Standard English pronunciation which has been regarded as the prestige variety and which shows no regional variation. It has often been popularly referred to as â€Å"BBC English† or â€Å"Oxford English† because it is widely used in the private sector of the education system and spoken by most newsreaders of the BBC network. A chart of English consonants |Manner of |Place of articulation | |articulation | | | |Bilabial |Labio- |Dental | | | |dental | | | | | | | | | | | | 2. Its advantages. Through IC analysis, the internal structure of a sentence may be demonstrated clearly, any ambiguities, if any, will be revealed in that IC analysis emphasizes not only the linear structure of the sentence but also the hierarchical structure of the sentence. E. g. the sentence Leave the book on the shelf. is ambiguous. It has two meanings: (1) Put the book on the shelf; (2) Don’t touch the book on the shelf. These two meanings can be shown by the following tree diagrams. (Omitted. See the textbook p125~128. ) 3. Its problems However, IC analysis has three disadvantages. First, at the beginning, some advocator insisted on binary divisions. Any construction, at any level, will be cut into two parts. But this is not possible. E. g. Old men and women is ambiguous in that it may mean old + men and women or old men + and women. It’s impossible to combine with only the preceding part or only the succeeding part. Second, constructions with discontinuous constituents will pose technical problems for tree diagrams in IC analysis. E. g. the phrasal verbs like make up, turn on, or give up will cause problems in that when the object is expressed by a pronoun, it will interrupt the phrasal verb as in make it up. The most serious problem is that there are structural ambiguities which cannot be revealed by IC analysis. E. g. the tree diagram and the labels can only do one analysis for the love of God. 4. 2. 3Endocentric and exocentric constructions An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. It is also called headed construction. Typical endocentric constructions are noun phrases, verb phrases and adjective phrases. They may be further divided into two subtypes: subordinate and coordinate constructions. Those, in which there is only one head, with the head being dominant and the other constructions dependent, are subordinate constructions. In the coordinate construction, there are more than one head, e. g. boys and girls, in which the two content constituents, boys and girls, are of equal syntactic status, and no one is dependent on the other. The exocentric construction is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. There is no noticeable center or head in it. Typical exocentric constructions are prepositional phrases, subordinate clauses, English basic sentences, and the verb plus object constructions. 4. 3The generative approach 4. 3. 1Deep and surface structures In transformational generative grammar (a. k. a. T-G grammar), the deep structure may be defined as the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i. e. the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents, such as the relation between the underlying subject and its verb, or a verb and its object. The surfaces structure is the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive. The example for the surface structure is The newspaper was not delivered today. The deep structure of the above sentence would be something like: (negative) someone (past tense) deliver the newspaper today (passive). The items in brackets are not lexical items but grammatical concepts which shape the final form of the sentence. Rules which describe deep structure are in the first part of the grammar (base component). Rules which transform these structures into surface structures (transformational rules) are in the second part of the grammar (transformational component). 4. 3. 2The standard theory and after What is the trace theory? [I think this is difficult. It is too abstract for me. – icywarmtea] After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the original position. This is the notion trace in T-G grammar. It’s suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure. E. g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid. 4. 3. 3Government, binding, etc. 1. Constituent command / C-command: ? c-commands ? if ? does not dominate ? and every ? that dominates ? also dominates ? , as shown in the diagram below: | |?| | | | | | | | | | |? | |? | 2. Binding theory: Part of the government / binding theory. It examines connections between noun phrases in sentences and explores the way they relate and refer to each other. (1)An anaphor is bound in its governing category. (2)A pronominal is free in its governing category. (3)An r-expression is free. 3. Binding: The notion binding is borrowed from logic, which refers to the relation between a quantifier and a variable, that is a variable is bound by a quantifier. In the generative approach, binding refers to the relation between different referring word and the subject of a sentence  containing it. 4. Anaphor: A process where a word or phrase refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation. In a narrow sense, it used to include only reflexives like myself and reciprocals like each other. 5. Pronominal: A pronominal refers to pronouns other than reflexives and reciprocals. 6. R-expression: A r-expression, as the abbreviation of a referential-expression, covers all the other r-expressions except anaphors and pronominals, e. g. John, Bill, the man. 7. The D-structure and the S-structure. In Government / Binding theory, the D-structure is an abstract level of sentence representation where semantic roles such as an agent (the doer of an action) and patient (the entity affected by an action) are assigned to the sentence. Agent is sometimes also referred to as the logical subject and patient as the rheme of the sentence. E. g. (in simplified form) Verashootintruders Agent or logical subjectpatient or rheme The next level of sentence representation is the S-structure where syntactic / grammatical cases such as nominative / grammatical subject and accusative / grammatical object are assigned. E. g.(in simplified form)Vera (agent)shootintruders (patient / rheme) Grammatical subjectgrammatical object The phonetic form (PF) component and the logical form (LF) component are then needed to turn the S-structure into a surface sentence. The PF component presents the S-structure as sound, and the LF component gives the syntactic meaning of the sentence. 4. 4The functional approach 4. 4. 1Functional sentence perspective 1. Functional sentence perspective (FSP) The functional sentence perspective (FSP) is a type of linguistic analysis associated with the Prague School which describes how information is distributed in sentences. FSP deals particularly with the effect of the distribution of known information and new information in discourse. The known information (known as theme), refers to information that is not new to the reader or listener. The rheme refers to information that is new. FSP differs from the traditional grammatical analysis of sentences because the distribution between subject-predicate is not always the same as theme-rheme contrast. E. g. (1)Johnsat in the front seat Subjectpredicate Themerheme (2)In the front seat satJohn. Predicatesubject Themerheme John is the grammatical subject in both sentences, but theme in (1) and rheme in (2). 2. Communicative dynamism (CD) By CD Firbas means the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication. 4. 4. 2Systemic-functional grammar 1. The material process (a process of doing): the representation of outer experience. 2. The mental process (a process of sensing): the representation of inner experience. 3. The relational process (a process of being): the relation between one experience and another. 4. The behavioral process (a process of behavioring): physiological and psychological behavior. 5. The verbal process (a process of saying): any kinds of symbolic exchange of meaning. 6. The existential process (a process of happening): a representation of something in existence or happening/ These six processes form a circle as follows: (omitted. See textbook, p. 155) Chapter 5 Meaning 5. 1Meanings of â€Å"meaning† 1. Meaning: Meaning refers to what a language expresses about the world we live in or any possible or imaginary world. 2. Connotation: The additional meaning that a word or phrase has beyond its central meaning. 3. Denotation: That part of the meanings of a word or phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world or in a fictional or possible word. 4. Different types of meaning (Recognized by Leech, 1974) (1)Conceptual meaning: Logical, cognitive, or denotative content. (2)Associative meaning a. Connotative meaning: What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. b. Social meaning: What is communicated of the social circumstances of language use. c. Affective meaning: What is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker / writer. d. Reflected meaning: What is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression. e. Collocative meaning: What is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word. (3)Thematic meaning: What is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. 5. The difference between meaning, concept, connotation, and denotation Meaning refers to the association of language symbols with the real world. There are many types of meaning according to different approaches. Concept is the impression of objects in people’s mind. Connotation is the implied meaning, similar to implication. Denotation, like sense, is not directly related with objects, but makes the abstract assumption of the real world. 5. 2The referential theory 1. The referential theory: The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory. 2. The semantic triangle theory Ogden and Richards presented the classic â€Å"Semantic Triangle† as manifested in the following diagram, in which the â€Å"symbol† refers to the linguist elements (word, sentence, etc. ), the â€Å"referent† refers to the object in the world of experience, and the â€Å"thought† or â€Å"reference† refers to concept or notion. Thus the symbol of a word signifies â€Å"things† by virtue of the â€Å"concept,† associated with the form of the word in the mind of the speaker of the language. The concept thus considered is the meaning of the word. The connection (represented with a dotted line) between symbol and referent is made possible only through â€Å"concept. † Concept / notion Thought / reference [pic] ———————- Symbolobject Wordstands for reality Signifierreferent. Codesignified 5. 3Sense relations 5. 3. 1Synonymy Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. 5. 3. 2Antonymy Antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation. There are three subtypes: gradable, complementary and converse antonymy. 1. Gradable antonymy Gradable antonymy is the commonest type of antonymy. They are mainly adjectives, e. g. good / bad, long / short, big / small, etc. 2. Complementary antonymy The members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each other. That is, they divide up the whole of a semantic filed completely. Not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, the denial of one also means the assertion of the other, e. g. alive / dead, hit / miss, male / female, boy / girl, etc. 3. Converse antonymy Converse antonyms are also called relational opposites. This is a special type of antonymy in that the members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition. They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities, e. g. buy / sell, parent / child, above / below, etc. 5. 3. 3Hyponymy Hyponymy involves us in the notion of meaning inclusion. It is a matter of class membership. That is to say, when x is a kind of y, the lower term x is the hyponym, and the upper term y is the superordinate. Two or more hyponyms of the same one superordinate are called co-hyponyms, e. g. under flower, there are peony, jasmine, tulip, violet, rose, etc. , flower is the superordinate of peony, jasmine, etc. , peony is the hyponym of flower, and peony, jasmine, tulip, violet, rose, etc. are co-hyponyms. 5. 4Componential analysis Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components. That is, the meaning of a word is not an unanalyzable whole. It may be seen as a complex of different semantic features. There are semantic units smaller than the meaning of a word. E. g. Boy: [+human][-adult][+male] Girl: [+human][-adult][-male] Son: child (x, y) & male (x) Daughter: child (x, y) & -male (x) Take: cause (x, (have (x, y))) Give: cause (x, (-have (x, y))) 5. 5Sentence meaning 5. 5. 1An integrated theory 1. Compositionality: A principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combine. 2. Selection restrictions: Restrictions on the choice of individual lexical units in construction with other units. E. g. the word breathe will typically select an animate subject (boy, man, woman, etc. ) not an abstract or an inanimate (table, book, etc. ). The boy was still breathing. The desk was breathing. 5. 5. 2Logical semantics 1. Prepositional logic / prepositional calculus / sentential calculus: Prepositional logic is the study of the truth conditions for propositions: how the truth of a composite proposition is determined by the truth value of its constituent propositions and the connections between them. 2. Predicate logic / predicate calculus: Predicate logic studies the internal structure of simple propositions. Chapter 6 Language Processing in Mind 6. 1Introduction 1. Language is a mirror of the mind in a deep and significant sense. 2. Language is a product of human intelligence, created a new in each individual by operation that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness. 3. Psycholinguistics â€Å"proper† can perhaps be glossed as the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of language in any medium (spoken or written). 4. Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures. 5.  The differences between psycholinguistics and psychology of language. Psycholinguistics can be defined as the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of language in any medium (spoken or written). It is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures. On the other hand, the psychology of language deals with more general topics such as the extent to which language shapes thought, and from the psychology of communication, includes non-verbal communication such as gestures and facial expressions. 6.  Cognitive psycholinguistics: Cognitive psycholinguistics is concerned above all with making inferences about the content of the human mind. 7. Experimental psycholinguistics: Experimental psycholinguistics is mainly concerned with empirical matters, such as speed of response to a particular word. 6. 1. 1Evidence 1. Linguists tend to favor descriptions of spontaneous speech as their main source of evidence, whereas psychologists mostly prefer experimental studies. 2. The subjects of psycholinguistic investigation are normal adults and children on the one hand, and aphasics—-people with speech disorders—–on the other. The primary assumption with regard to aphasic patient that a breakdown in some part of language could lead to an understanding of which components might be independent of others. 6. 1. 2Current issues 1. Modular theory: Modular theory assumes that the mind is structured into separate modules or components, each governed by its own principles and operating independently of others. 2. Cohort theory: The cohort theory hypothesizes that auditory word recognition begins with the formation of a group of words at the perception of the initial sound and proceeds sound by sound with the cohort of words decreasing as more sounds are perceived. This theory can be expanded to deal with written materials as well. Several experiments have supported this view of word recognition. One obvious prediction of this model is that if the beginning sound or letter is missing, recognition will be much more difficult, perhaps even impossible. For example: Gray tie—— great eye; a name—–an aim; an ice man—–a nice man; I scream—–ice cream; See Mable—-seem able; well fare—-welfare; lookout——look out ; decade—–Deck Eight; Layman——laymen; persistent turn——persist and turn 3. Psychological reality: The reality of grammar, etc. as a purported account of structures represented in the mind of a speaker. Often opposed, in discussion of the merits of alternative grammars, to criteria of simplicity, elegance, and internal consistency. 4. The three major strands of psycholinguistic research: (1)Comprehension: How do people use their knowledge of language, and how do they understand what they hear or read? (2)Production: How do they produce messages that others can understand in turn? (3)Acquisition: How language is represented in the mind and how langua.

It in video game industry Essay

Video Games were once a simple simulation of pong using two lines and a dot for imaging. They were played and mastered by a minority group of individuals most commonly referred to as â€Å"nerds†. Since those days in 1975 the video game industry market has gone through an exponential growth. With the revolutionary changes in technology and the social changes in product demand the gaming industry has transformed into a thriving market with a quickly growing casual gamer demographic. The success of this development in the gaming industry would be little without information technology. Information technology is a fundamental part of the gaming industry. Technology is used to handle information in the gaming industry in both the retail business side as well as the development aspect. When it comes to selling video games there used to only be the store but with the installment of new online technology, games for consumers have been easier to access. Companies like Gamefly enable users to buy and rent games online. Games also can even be instantly purchased over internet through gaming consoles. Microsoft is one company that has taken the most advantage of this concept. From personal experience using Microsoft’s console Xbox 360, the console offers users the ability to create an online account through Xbox Live. From the Xbox Live membership, users gain access to a wide online market of games, videos, and other additional products. The online market is extremely active with some games generating 100,000 trial downloads and 30,000 sales (Garcia, 2011). Despite the quick and easy access these technology features give to gamers the online world is also a threat to the security of games. Copyrights can be cracked, and sometimes games will be distributed over the internet to game users. The security risk the internet plays on games has been tackled by developers who believe cloud computing is the key. In 2009, video game developer Denis Dyack proposed during a panel discussion at GamesBeat that cloud computing would change the industry model of games depending on consoles to games depending on resources that only can be accessed over the internet (Bhanoo, 2009). By holding onto vital resources game developers can prevent the illegal distribution of their game content because the game’s central assets are not downloaded. It would be a good model except one obstacle would be the probability that every game consumer has access to the internet which is highly unlikely, but it is growing to be common in today. These client-to-server concepts and ideas for the retail game industry would all be cases when information technology is used and needed. The gaming industry has a large amount to protect when it comes to distributing its product because unlike other products games are essentially data which is where the real information technology comes into play. The reason why video games are so vulnerable to piracy is because the data in them is not a physical entity but rather information that can be copied and released. Video games essentially can be viewed as an organized system of data and information technology which reacts to input from a user, simulating some type of an event. A look at one popular Massive Multiplayer Online (MMO) Game made by Blizzard known as World of Warcraft (WoW) can help demonstrate how complex these transfers of data and information are. Before the user can even begin playing they have to go through an entire sequence of account access authentication and communicate with a server to be verified of account access, and game access as well (Wilson). Once verified that the client computer is the account user and that account user has paid for the ability to the play the game the user selects the server there character is on or a server where they would like to make a new one (Wilson). 4 After character is selected the game play begins. All the data and information about the game graphics and environment are stored on the client’s computer but the server is what does the communication of what gets to be displayed. A more detailed explanation would be the user’s character interacts with picking up an rock once the object is picked up the server communicates to the client’s computer as well as other clients that the rock is no longer there (Wilson). 4 This client-to-server communication is simulated in many aspects of the game such as displaying other clients to the user and simulating a battle. When a client begins to fight with a creature the clients computer communicates both characters’ stats to the server which then uses mathematic algorithms to calculate damage, healing, and any other real-time effects (Wilson). 4 This type of system requires a huge amount of backbone to perform. WoW is estimated to using about 20,000 computer systems and employs more than 4,600 people to keep its gaming experience running (Brice, 2009). While the server communication model used in WoW exhibits its simulation, it is not entirely the same for every video game. Not all games are like WoW, each one can vary with how it stores data and information. It really depends upon how game designers and programs architect the framework of their information technology systems. Systems like Blizzard’s are not on every game and that is because the programs designed to run the games are limited to the company (Wilson). 4 The program and framework of their information systems is the product of a company in the gaming industry and it is something that must be kept secret if the company wants to maintain business. Keeping secrets however, isn’t enough sometimes to stay in the business of the gaming industry. Other competitors can always challenge game developers’ business. The casual gamer is becoming the real market to making business in the gaming industry. There is still a high demand from the hardcore traditional gamer but when it comes to making video games, it is easy to agree it costs less to attract casual gamers with cheaper games. The app era with social networking sites and new technology such as the iPad is becoming a huge thorn to game developers, such as Nintendo president, Satoru Iwata, believing that cheap game apps are devaluing the industry (Morris, 2011). With game apps gamers no longer need to spend money as much money for entertainment unless they would like something with a little more depth. The rise of these game apps could be linked to the demand for cheaper products, especially when the economy is still trying to recover. Some developers argue back that the new app technology is not hindering the industry just changing it to a new way that expands the option to the casual gamer who only demands a simple game for entertainment (2010). It is not step back but instead a new branch to be explored and developed. Game apps do play some part in devaluing games but at least they have provided an opportunity for anxious developers to be involved in the game developing community. Either way it’s pursued game development is still a serious business which requires some serious skills with manipulating information. A deeper look into the development view of video games gives a better understanding of the how data and information technology relate to the industry. To understand the development process it is best to start looking at the model used to develop games. When broken down a game is really one big huge project broken down into many others. It starts with the Prototype, then Pre-Production, Production, Beta, and finally the Live finished product (Hendrick, 2009). Now with each of these projects the developers must initialize, plan, execute with monitoring and controlling, and then closing up and finishing (Hendrick, 2009). 8 These projects involve a variety of stages, from concept development to debugging. To be a part of this development process a game developer must be highly trained in whatever aspect they are adding to the project. A game programmer specifically must be able to meet a certain knowledge base criteria with computer languages, the most common one being C++. According to game programmer, Chad Stewart, it is essential that you â€Å"Know Your Stuff† and understand how to think out loud with programming and create program models that can solve real-time problems and game mechanics (Stewart). When being interviewed he states that sometimes you will be presented with problem and must quickly illustrate on a white board how you would approach the problem (Stewart). 10 He also adds that it is important to not be discouraged if you fail the problem and show that you have a willingness to learn and it looks like there is plenty to catch up on (Stewart). 10 From the outside game development can look like a fun job but it is still a job that requires hard work. It can be nerve racking to imagine the amount of knowledge needed to be successful in the gaming industry. There is so much required to build and distribute a single game. That can especially be said for game programmers because they are required to update and learn new technologies. In the gaming industry it can be hard to find an expert that does it all, but one noticeable fact of life to remember is that people are always learning. Works Cited † Programmer – Computer Games – Skillset. † Welcome to Skillset – Skillset.http://www. skillset. org/games/careers/profiles/article_4727_1. asp (accessed October 10, 2011). Bhanoo, Sindya . â€Å"Cloud Computing May Curb Video Game Piracy CIO. com. † CIO. com. http://www. cio. com/article/486979/Cloud_Computing_May_Curb_Video_Game_Piracy (accessed October 10, 2011). Brice, Katherine. â€Å"Blizzard reveals full scale of World of Warcraft operation. † GamesIndustry. biz. http://www. gamesindustry. biz/articles/blizzard-reveals-full-scale-of-world-of-warcraft-operation (accessed October 10, 2011). Garcia, Louis. â€Å"Making money in Xbox 360 indie game development: Is it possible? | Bitmob. com. † Bitmob. com. http://bitmob. com/articles/making-money-in-xbox-360-indie-game-development-is-it-possible (accessed October 10, 2011). Hendrick, Arnold. â€Å"Project Management for Game Development  « MMO Tidbits. † MMO Tidbits. http://mmotidbits. com/2009/06/15/project-management-for-game-development/ (accessed October 10, 2011). Morris, Chris. â€Å"Are Apps Killing the Video Game Industry? – CNBC. † Stock Market News, Business News, Financial, Earnings, World Market News and Information – CNBC. http://www. cnbc. com/id/41988262/Are_Apps_Killing_the_Video_Game_Industry (accessed October 10, 2011). Stewart, Chad. â€Å"Chad Stewart Game Programmer.† Chad Stewart Game Programmer. www. chadpluspl. us/? p=110 (accessed October 10, 2011). â€Å"Video Game Industry 2010: Reinventing the Games Business. † Game Industry News, Interviews and Videos | Game Theory. http://gametheoryonline. com/2010/07/28/video-games-industry-gaming-business/ (accessed October 10, 2011). â€Å"Video Game Rentals: Rent/Buy Wii,PS3,PS2,Xbox,360,PSP,DS,3DS,GC,GBA Games. † Gamefly. com. http://www. gamefly. com/ (accessed October 10, 2011). Wilson, Tracy V.. â€Å"How World of Warcraft Works. † HowStuffWorks â€Å"Electronics†. http://electronics. howstuffworks. com/world-of-warcraft6. htm (accessed October 10, 2011).

To Determination the Partition Coefficient of Ethanoic Acid Between Water and Butan-2-Ol Essays

To Determination the Partition Coefficient of Ethanoic Acid Between Water and Butan-2-Ol Essays To Determination the Partition Coefficient of Ethanoic Acid Between Water and Butan-2-Ol Paper To Determination the Partition Coefficient of Ethanoic Acid Between Water and Butan-2-Ol Paper To determination the partition coefficient of ethanoic acid between water and butan-2-ol. Procedure 1. The room temperature was recorded. 2. 15cm3 of the given aqueous ethanoic acid and 15cm3 of butan-2-ol were poured into a 100cm3 separating funnel, using suitable apparatus. The funnel was stoppered and was shook vigorously for 1 to 2 minutes. (The pressure in the funnel was released by occasionally opening the tap. ) 3. 10cm3 of each layer was separated approximately. (The fraction near the junction of the two layers was discarded. ) 4. 10. cm3 of the aqueous layer was pipetted into a conical flask and was titrated with 0. 1 M sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein. 5. Using another pipette, 10. 0 cm3 of the alcohol layer was delivered into a conical flask and was titrated with 0. 1 M sodium hydroxide solution. 6. Steps (2) to (5) was repeated with another separating funnel using the following volume: 25cm3 of aqueous ethanoic acid and 15cm3 of buta n-2-ol 7. For each experiment, the ratio of the concentration of ethanoic acid in the aqueous layer to that in the butan-2-ol layer was calculated. Result Room temperature: 29? Volume of butan-2-ol: 15 cm3 |Volume of 0. 2M ethanoic acid / |Volume of 0. 1M NaOH titre for |Volume of 0. 1M NaOH titre for|Partition coefficient | |cm3 |aqueous layer / cm3 |alcohol layer / cm3 |K= | |15 |10. 00 |12. 55 |0. 796 | |25 |12. 10 |15. 60 |0. 76 | Conclusion The partition coefficient of ethanoic acid between water and butan-2-ol is : = =0. 786 Discussion 1. Shaking is necessary in step (2) because it made it faster to attain equilibrium state. 2. When temperature increases, the solubility of the two solvents increase. But the rate of the increase in solubility are not the same, it is expected that the partition coefficient varies with temperature. 3. The aim of titration is to find the concentration of the solvent, but not the total number of mole in the solvent. Therefore, the volumes of the aqueous and alcohol solution used in the titration must be known as accurately as possible in order to find accurately concentration. The aim of adding aqueous ethanoic acid and 2-methypropan-1-ol is only to leave the mixture to equilibrium and provide enough solvent for the titration. Therefore the amounts of aqueous ethanoic acid and 2-methypropan-1-ol need not be measured out accurately. 4. The following assumptions are made: a) The temperature of the mixture remained constant throughout the experiment. This assumption was valid as it was felt (by hand) that the temperature of the separating funnel did not changed throughout the experiment. b) Ethanoic acid, water and butan-2-ol are non-volatile and do not evaporate slowly. This assumption is not valid because there is a smell of alcohol over the separating funnel. That means that there are particles coming out from the mixture in the separating funnel. 5. Solvent extraction is more efficient if the extraction solvent is added in small portions several times instead of all at once. Therefore it is more fficient to extract a solute with two 25cm3 portions of solvent rather than with a single 50cm3 extraction. 6. The applications of the partition law: a) By partition law, the KD can be found experimentally. The amount of the solute that can be extracted using solvent extraction can be predicted, instead of using other complex method. b) By partition law, we know that the amount of solute extracted is more when the extracting solvent is added in several small portions instead of all at once. 7. Butan-2-ol is much lighter than water. Therefore butan-2-ol is at the top of the mixture while water is at the bottom.

Reyes Surname Meaning and Origin

Reyes Surname Meaning and Origin The surname Reyes was often bestowed as a nickname for a man who carried himself in a regal, or kingly, fashion, from the Old French  rey, meaning king. It could also have applied to one who plays the part of a king in a pageant (such pageants were popular in the 13th century) or someone who works in the kings house. Another possible origin is as a topographical surname for someone who  lived at a rea, a piece of hard ground within a marsh.   Reyes is the 19th most popular Hispanic surname and the 81st most popular surname in the United States. Reis is the Portuguese spelling of this surname. Also similar in origin to the German Reich, Dutch Rijk, and English ​King. Surname Origin:  Spanish Alternate Surname Spellings:  REYEZ, REIES, REIS   Famous People with the Surname Reyes Lucila J. Sarsines Reyes - Peruvian performerTurgut  Reis -  Ottoman admiral and privateerJohann Philipp Reis - German scientist and inventorRafael Reyes - former president of ColombiaDennys Reyes - Mexican professional baseball pitcher; former MLB pitcher Where Do People With the Reyes Surname Live? The surname distribution data at  Forebears  ranks Reyes as the 226th most common surname in the world, identifying it as most prevalent in Mexico and with the highest density in the Northern Mariana Islands. The Reyes surname is the 6th most common surname in the Dominican Republic, 7th in the Northern Mariana Islands, and 9th in Belize and Honduras. The Reis surname is most prevalent in Brazil, where it ranks 40th, and borne by the highest percentage of individuals based on population in Portugal, where it ranks 33rd. Within Spain, Reyes is found most commonly in the southwestern regions of Andalucia and Extremadura,  according to  WorldNames PublicProfiler.  Ã‚   Genealogy Resources for the Surname Reyes 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? 100 Most Common Spanish SurnamesHave you ever wondered about your Spanish last name and how it came to be? This article describes common Spanish naming patterns and explores the meaning and origins of 100 common Spanish surnames. How to Research Hispanic HeritageLearn how to get started researching  your Hispanic ancestors, including the basics of family tree research and country-specific organizations, genealogical records, and resources for Spain, Latin America, Mexico, Brazil, the Caribbean and other Spanish speaking countries. Reyes Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Reyes family crest or coat of arms for the Reyes surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   REYES Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Reyes surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Reyes query. FamilySearch - REYES GenealogyAccess over 10 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Reyes surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. REYES Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Reyes surname. DistantCousin.com - REYES Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Reyes. The Reyes Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Reyes from the website of Genealogy Today. Sources: Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Parallelism in Prose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Parallelism in Prose - Essay Example She felt so good when he came downstairs, too, wearing a cheap yet very neat suite and enjoyed his meal before he went to work. She was proud of her son and wanted to give him all care and love she could. On that fine and sunny morning, they were sitting at the table and watching some news program on TV. The war began, they said; the enemy attacked and killed many civilians, they said. Some politician with a grave face announced draft for military service for men under 40. The mother’s heart died within her – such a terrible news on such a nice day! The mother feared that her child would be drafted to the army: he was courageous, tall and strong. At his age of 25, he was a complete personality and a person, who had achieved much on his own. She was so proud of him. The son feared to let his dear mother alone, but he longed to protect his homeland and was very decisive about it. He was courageous, tall and strong; moreover, he knew a little about battle tactics and weapons. So he came back home after finishing with work and told his mother about his intentions. Days went by; sunny and warm autumn days turned into gray and rainy ones; and the mother still lived alone: the house seemed too big, too cold and too empty without Jesse and every single day was filled with painful waiting for a letter written in a familiar loose handwriting. Jesse would write every week, and Mrs. Stillman, the mail clerk, would bring the letters very promptly. On a foggy December day, the mother went downstairs to prepare her usual breakfast – a toast and a cup of coffee – and turned the TV on. After Jesse went to defend their homeland to the eastern part of the country, she had been turning the news program every morning to be aware of the situation, and her heart would be in her mouth as the commentator read the list of dead soldiers. Yet, these programs were filled with patriotism and hope: the brave sons of the country would surely return to their families.

A letter to editor in wall street journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A letter to editor in wall street journal - Essay Example the problem of unemployment in the nation that attracted my attention, similarly as it might have done to the majority of sentient inhabitants of the US. The recent financial shock of 2008 was certainly quite destructive that led to multiple issues in the economic as well as in the political structure of our country. One such consequence, as the experts called attention to, was the very rising unemployment rate in the economy. According to the statistical data, unemployment rate has increased rapidly in the US since the early 2009 which currently accounts above 9% on an average. It is indeed one of the most serious drawbacks for a developed economy such as the US which require instantaneous concern of the government with the purpose of its revival. The declared economic plan by the President of the US also depicts similar concern, but in an extended demeanor taking into account both the economic and political aspects. The plan emphasizes on payroll tax cuts that would surely lessen the burden of employers and employees in the presently hostile business environment of the economy. It also includes extension in the investment grants for education and infrastructure sector. Attempts shall be made to boost the labor market through added concerns regarding programs for the jobless under the declared plan. On an aggregate, this planning shall cost $447 billion being enacted from 2012. Therefore, as a short-term recovery strategy, this plan shall certainly encourage the employers to hire more man power and thus make larger contribution to the overall GDP growth. Where economists in this context reveal the probable short-term benefits of the strategy, politicians have been noted to continue with their fair game of opposition with due regards to the components of the planning. The most noticeable questions augmented by the politicians in this context, whether a democrat or a republican, are related to the approval of the amount asked for the plan and its